iels Henrik David Bohr (7 Ekim 1885, Kopenhag – 18 Kas\u0131m 1962, Kopenhag), Danimarkal\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i.<\/p>\n
Kuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n atom yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde ilk kez kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan atom modelini olu\u015fturdu. Kuantum fizi\u011finin geli\u015fmesinde 50 y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nc\u00fc rol oynad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca atom \u00e7ekirde\u011finin “s\u0131v\u0131 damlac\u0131\u011f\u0131 modeli”ni geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n
S\u00f6ylentiye g\u00f6re, Danimarka halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00e7 duydu\u011fu d\u00f6rt \u015fey vard\u0131r: Gemi end\u00fcstrisi, s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, peri masallar\u0131 yazar\u0131 ve fizik bilgini Niels Bohr. Bohr, bilgin ki\u015fili\u011fi ve insanc\u0131l davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla, b\u00fcy\u00fck hayaller pe\u015finde ko\u015fan gen\u00e7lere \u00f6rnek ve esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan bir \u00f6nc\u00fcyd\u00fc. O, ne Rutherford gibi d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc ne de Einstein gibi “arabaya tek ba\u015f\u0131na ko\u015fulan at” idi.<\/p>\n
Daha \u00f6nce Rutherford’un ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetene\u011fini farketmi\u015f olan Thomson, nedense Danimarkal\u0131 gence s\u0131radan biri g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131yordu. Tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir toplant\u0131da Bohr’un ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc irdelemeden yanl\u0131\u015f diye geri \u00e7evirir, daha sonra ayn\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc kendisi dile getirir. Bu olay\u0131 i\u00e7ine sindiremeyen Bohr yeni aray\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7ine girer.<\/p>\n
Bu s\u0131rada bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n parlayan y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 Rutherford’tur. Kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konferans\u0131nda Rutherford’un co\u015fkusuyla b\u00fcy\u00fclenen Bohr, Cavendish’i b\u0131rak\u0131r, Manchester’de onun ekibine kat\u0131l\u0131r. Rutherford deneyciydi, Bohr ise kuramsal ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelikti. Ama iki bilimadam\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu s\u00fcren bir dostlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00d6yle ki, Bohr biricik o\u011fluna hocan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 (Ernest’) verdi. Oysa, bursunun t\u00fckenmesi nedeniyle Manchester’de yaln\u0131zca alt\u0131 ay kalabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bohr olu\u015fturdu\u011fu atomun kuvantum kuram\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamadan \u00f6nce Rutherford’un incelemesine sunmu\u015ftu. Rutherford her \u015feyde basitli\u011fi arayan titiz bir ki\u015fiydi. Bohr’un yaz\u0131s\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k, uzun ve gereksiz yinelemelerle doluydu. Rutherford d\u00fczeltilmesini gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc noktalara de\u011findikten sonra,,” diyerek gen\u00e7 bilimadam\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcreklendirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Bohr’un kuram\u0131 1913’te \u0130ngiltere’de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Ne var ki, bilimadamlar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn tepkisi olumsuzdur. Onlara g\u00f6re ortaya konan, bir kuram olmaktan \u00e7ok rakamlarla olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir d\u00fczenlemeydi. Oysa, ba\u015fta Einstein olmak \u00fczere kimi bilimadamlar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bulu\u015f oldu\u011funu farketmi\u015flerdi. Kuram\u0131n, spektroskopi biliminin atomik temelini kurdu\u011fu \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bir yandan da kuram\u0131 do\u011frulayan deneysel kan\u0131tlar birikmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
Kopenhag Teorik Fizik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilen Bohr, 1922’de Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc al\u0131r. Art\u0131k k\u0131saca “Bohr Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc” diye an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan Enstit\u00fc’ye d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkesinden gen\u00e7 fizik\u00e7ilerin ak\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flar. Gelenler aras\u0131nda Heisenberg, Pauli, Gamow, Landau gibi sonradan \u00fcn kazanan gen\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar da vard\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en canl\u0131 bilim merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Enstit\u00fc bir grup \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenekli gen\u00e7 i\u00e7in bulunmaz bir e\u011fitim ortam\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Bohr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131nda sergiledi\u011fi isten\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131s\u0131ra ne\u015fe ve mizah\u0131yla g\u00f6n\u00fclleri fethetmesini de biliyordu. Bir teori \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, s\u00f6zlerini \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: “Bu teorinin \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Ama ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z nokta, teorinin, do\u011fru olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterince \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.”<\/p>\n
Son \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, 1939’da yapt\u0131. Yeni ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f olan \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin neden baz\u0131 \u00e7ekirdeklerde olup di\u011ferlerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in, bir b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ekirdek ile bir s\u0131v\u0131 damlas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki benzerli\u011fi kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Bohr, New Mexico’daki Los Alamos’ta (ABD) atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015f\u00adtirilmesine katk\u0131da bulundu. Sava\u015ftan sonra Kopenhag’a d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve burada 1962’de \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bohr’un bilimde ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fine ili\u015fkin deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 de\u011fil, kuramsal bir sorundu: Bir elektrik birimi olan elektronun atom kapsam\u0131ndaki davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bilinen fizik yasalar\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fmesinin nedeni ne olabilirdi? Normal olarak, pozitif y\u00fckl\u00fc \u00e7ekirde\u011fin \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nen negatif y\u00fckl\u00fc elektronun, devinim s\u00fcrecinde, elektromanyetik radyasyon salarak enerji yitirmesi ve \u00e7ekirde\u011fe g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi; atomun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi gerekirdi.<\/p>\n
Max Planck’\u0131n kara-cisim radyasyon katastrofuna benzer bir katastrof! Planck kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu E = h . v denklemiyle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu sorun da belki kuvantum kavram\u0131na ba\u015fvurularak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirdi. Hi\u00e7 de\u011filse Niels Bohr b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydi.<\/p>\n
Sorun, “spektrum analizi” ya da “spektroskopi” denen konu kapsam\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bohr “\u00e7izgi spektras\u0131”na ili\u015fkin bir form\u00fclden nedense habersizdi. Bohr, form\u00fcl\u00fc bir meslekda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla sonunda \u00f6\u011frenir. Okul ders kitaplar\u0131na bile ge\u00e7en form\u00fcl\u00fcn, Bohr’un g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n
Bir aritmetik oyununu and\u0131ran i\u015flemi 1885’te Balmer ad\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7reli bir lise \u00f6\u011fretmeni bulmu\u015ftu. Buna g\u00f6re, \u00f6rne\u011fin, hidrojen spektrumundaki k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izginin frekans\u0131n\u0131 saptamak i\u00e7in, 3’\u00fcn karesi al\u0131n\u0131r, l bu say\u0131ya b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr, \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00f6l\u00fcm 32.903.640.000.000.000 say\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7arp\u0131l\u0131r. Ye\u015fil \u00e7izginin frekans\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fleme 4, mor \u00e7izginin frekans\u0131 i\u00e7in 5’le ba\u015flan\u0131r. Balmer, form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koydu\u011funda hidrojen spektrumunda yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7izgi biliniyordu. Sonra bulunan \u00e7izgiler i\u00e7in i\u015fleme 6, 7, 8, … say\u0131lar\u0131yla ba\u015flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bohr 1912’de Kopenhag’a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 problemi birlikte getirmi\u015fti. Atomun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bohr i\u00e7in Balmer form\u00fcl\u00fc ni\u00e7in \u00f6nemliydi? Yan\u0131t basittir: Bohr, Planck sabiti h’yi kullanarak bu form\u00fclle enerji kuvantlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan spektrumu a\u00e7\u0131klayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, form\u00fcl\u00fcn sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ipucuyla atomlar\u0131n normalde neden enerji salmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, elektronlar\u0131n neden h\u0131z kaybedip \u00e7ekirde\u011fe g\u00f6m\u00fclmedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanmaktayd\u0131. Bohr’un o zaman bilinen fizikle ba\u011fda\u015fmaz g\u00f6r\u00fcnen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u00f6rt nokta i\u00e7eriyordu:<\/p>\n
1. Elektron, olas\u0131 t\u00fcm y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerde de\u011fil, yaln\u0131z enerjisi Planck sabitiyle bir tam say\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131na orant\u0131l\u0131 olan y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerde devinir.
\n2. Elektron, enerji de\u011fi\u015fimiyle kuvantum y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin birinden \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir; ancak \u00e7ekirde\u011fe en i\u00e7teki y\u00f6r\u00fcngeden daha fazla yakla\u015famaz.
\n3. Bir kuvantum y\u00f6r\u00fcngede devinen elektron bir i\u00e7 y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye d\u00fc\u015fmedik\u00e7e radyasyon salmaz. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f belli bir miktarda \u0131\u015f\u0131k enerjisi \u00fcretmekle kal\u0131r. \u00dcretilen enerjinin frekans\u0131 iki y\u00f6r\u00fcnge aras\u0131ndaki enerji fark\u0131n\u0131n Planck sabitine b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine e\u015fittir:
\nFrekans = Enerji Kayb\u0131 \/ Planck Sabiti
\n4. Bir elektronun ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi enerjiler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu kesintili enerjiler atomun kesintili \u00e7izgi spektrumunda yans\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Atom yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131n\u0131, sal\u0131nan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n spektrumunda arayan bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, birtak\u0131m g\u00f6zlemlere a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmekle birlikte, do\u011frulu\u011fu ku\u015fkuluydu. Ayn\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler ba\u015fka hipotezlerle de a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirdi. Ayr\u0131ca, elektronlar\u0131n Bohr’un \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bi\u00e7imde davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren somut kan\u0131tlar da ortada yoktu hen\u00fcz. Kald\u0131 ki, kuvantum y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi olgusal dayanaktan yoksundu.<\/p>\n
Bohr’un hipotezi \u00f6ncelikle hidrojen spektrumunu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya y\u00f6nelikti. Ger\u00e7i olgusal olarak hen\u00fcz yoklanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama hipotezin Balmer form\u00fcl\u00fcnde yer alan say\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 belirginle\u015ftirmesi, ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir avantaj sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Bohr’un de\u011fi\u015fik kuvantum y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin enerjilerini veren form\u00fcl\u00fc, \u00f6nerdi\u011fi atom kuram\u0131na istenen belirginli\u011fi kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
-Bu metin GNU \u00d6zg\u00fcr Belgeleme Lisans\u0131 ile lisansland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cNiels Bohr\u201d adl\u0131 Vikipedi maddesinden al\u0131nt\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131r.-<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
iels Henrik David Bohr (7 Ekim 1885, Kopenhag – 18 Kas\u0131m 1962, Kopenhag), Danimarkal\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i. Kuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n atom yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde ilk kez kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan atom modelini olu\u015fturdu. Kuantum fizi\u011finin geli\u015fmesinde 50 y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nc\u00fc rol oynad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca atom \u00e7ekirde\u011finin “s\u0131v\u0131 damlac\u0131\u011f\u0131 modeli”ni geli\u015ftirdi. S\u00f6ylentiye g\u00f6re, Danimarka halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00e7 duydu\u011fu d\u00f6rt \u015fey […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_en_post_content":"","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":"","_tr_post_content":"
iels Henrik David Bohr (7 Ekim 1885, Kopenhag - 18 Kas\u0131m 1962, Kopenhag), Danimarkal\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i.<\/p>\n\nKuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n atom yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde ilk kez kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan atom modelini olu\u015fturdu. Kuantum fizi\u011finin geli\u015fmesinde 50 y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nc\u00fc rol oynad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca atom \u00e7ekirde\u011finin \"s\u0131v\u0131 damlac\u0131\u011f\u0131 modeli\"ni geli\u015ftirdi.\n\nS\u00f6ylentiye g\u00f6re, Danimarka halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00e7 duydu\u011fu d\u00f6rt \u015fey vard\u0131r: Gemi end\u00fcstrisi, s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, peri masallar\u0131 yazar\u0131 ve fizik bilgini Niels Bohr. Bohr, bilgin ki\u015fili\u011fi ve insanc\u0131l davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla, b\u00fcy\u00fck hayaller pe\u015finde ko\u015fan gen\u00e7lere \u00f6rnek ve esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan bir \u00f6nc\u00fcyd\u00fc. O, ne Rutherford gibi d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc ne de Einstein gibi \"arabaya tek ba\u015f\u0131na ko\u015fulan at\" idi.\n\nDaha \u00f6nce Rutherford'un ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetene\u011fini farketmi\u015f olan Thomson, nedense Danimarkal\u0131 gence s\u0131radan biri g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131yordu. Tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir toplant\u0131da Bohr'un ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc irdelemeden yanl\u0131\u015f diye geri \u00e7evirir, daha sonra ayn\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc kendisi dile getirir. Bu olay\u0131 i\u00e7ine sindiremeyen Bohr yeni aray\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7ine girer.\n\nBu s\u0131rada bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n parlayan y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 Rutherford'tur. Kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konferans\u0131nda Rutherford'un co\u015fkusuyla b\u00fcy\u00fclenen Bohr, Cavendish'i b\u0131rak\u0131r, Manchester'de onun ekibine kat\u0131l\u0131r. Rutherford deneyciydi, Bohr ise kuramsal ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelikti. Ama iki bilimadam\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu s\u00fcren bir dostlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00d6yle ki, Bohr biricik o\u011fluna hocan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 (Ernest') verdi. Oysa, bursunun t\u00fckenmesi nedeniyle Manchester'de yaln\u0131zca alt\u0131 ay kalabilmi\u015ftir.\n\nBohr olu\u015fturdu\u011fu atomun kuvantum kuram\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamadan \u00f6nce Rutherford'un incelemesine sunmu\u015ftu. Rutherford her \u015feyde basitli\u011fi arayan titiz bir ki\u015fiydi. Bohr'un yaz\u0131s\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k, uzun ve gereksiz yinelemelerle doluydu. Rutherford d\u00fczeltilmesini gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc noktalara de\u011findikten sonra,,\" diyerek gen\u00e7 bilimadam\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcreklendirmi\u015fti.\n\nBohr'un kuram\u0131 1913'te \u0130ngiltere'de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Ne var ki, bilimadamlar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn tepkisi olumsuzdur. Onlara g\u00f6re ortaya konan, bir kuram olmaktan \u00e7ok rakamlarla olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir d\u00fczenlemeydi. Oysa, ba\u015fta Einstein olmak \u00fczere kimi bilimadamlar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bulu\u015f oldu\u011funu farketmi\u015flerdi. Kuram\u0131n, spektroskopi biliminin atomik temelini kurdu\u011fu \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bir yandan da kuram\u0131 do\u011frulayan deneysel kan\u0131tlar birikmeye ba\u015flar.\n\nKopenhag Teorik Fizik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilen Bohr, 1922'de Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc'n\u00fc al\u0131r. Art\u0131k k\u0131saca \"Bohr Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\" diye an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan Enstit\u00fc'ye d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkesinden gen\u00e7 fizik\u00e7ilerin ak\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flar. Gelenler aras\u0131nda Heisenberg, Pauli, Gamow, Landau gibi sonradan \u00fcn kazanan gen\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar da vard\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en canl\u0131 bilim merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Enstit\u00fc bir grup \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenekli gen\u00e7 i\u00e7in bulunmaz bir e\u011fitim ortam\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.\n\nBohr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131nda sergiledi\u011fi isten\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131s\u0131ra ne\u015fe ve mizah\u0131yla g\u00f6n\u00fclleri fethetmesini de biliyordu. Bir teori \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, s\u00f6zlerini \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \"Bu teorinin \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Ama ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z nokta, teorinin, do\u011fru olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterince \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\"\n\nSon \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, 1939'da yapt\u0131. Yeni ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f olan \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin neden baz\u0131 \u00e7ekirdeklerde olup di\u011ferlerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in, bir b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ekirdek ile bir s\u0131v\u0131 damlas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki benzerli\u011fi kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Bohr, New Mexico'daki Los Alamos'ta (ABD) atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015f\u00adtirilmesine katk\u0131da bulundu. Sava\u015ftan sonra Kopenhag'a d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve burada 1962'de \u00f6ld\u00fc.\n\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\n\nBohr'un bilimde ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fine ili\u015fkin deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 de\u011fil, kuramsal bir sorundu: Bir elektrik birimi olan elektronun atom kapsam\u0131ndaki davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bilinen fizik yasalar\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fmesinin nedeni ne olabilirdi? Normal olarak, pozitif y\u00fckl\u00fc \u00e7ekirde\u011fin \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nen negatif y\u00fckl\u00fc elektronun, devinim s\u00fcrecinde, elektromanyetik radyasyon salarak enerji yitirmesi ve \u00e7ekirde\u011fe g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi; atomun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi gerekirdi.\n\nMax Planck'\u0131n kara-cisim radyasyon katastrofuna benzer bir katastrof! Planck kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu E = h . v denklemiyle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu sorun da belki kuvantum kavram\u0131na ba\u015fvurularak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirdi. Hi\u00e7 de\u011filse Niels Bohr b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydi.\n\nSorun, \"spektrum analizi\" ya da \"spektroskopi\" denen konu kapsam\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bohr \"\u00e7izgi spektras\u0131\"na ili\u015fkin bir form\u00fclden nedense habersizdi. Bohr, form\u00fcl\u00fc bir meslekda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla sonunda \u00f6\u011frenir. Okul ders kitaplar\u0131na bile ge\u00e7en form\u00fcl\u00fcn, Bohr'un g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7tir.\n\nBir aritmetik oyununu and\u0131ran i\u015flemi 1885'te Balmer ad\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7reli bir lise \u00f6\u011fretmeni bulmu\u015ftu. Buna g\u00f6re, \u00f6rne\u011fin, hidrojen spektrumundaki k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izginin frekans\u0131n\u0131 saptamak i\u00e7in, 3'\u00fcn karesi al\u0131n\u0131r, l bu say\u0131ya b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr, \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00f6l\u00fcm 32.903.640.000.000.000 say\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7arp\u0131l\u0131r. Ye\u015fil \u00e7izginin frekans\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fleme 4, mor \u00e7izginin frekans\u0131 i\u00e7in 5'le ba\u015flan\u0131r. Balmer, form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koydu\u011funda hidrojen spektrumunda yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7izgi biliniyordu. Sonra bulunan \u00e7izgiler i\u00e7in i\u015fleme 6, 7, 8, ... say\u0131lar\u0131yla ba\u015flan\u0131r.\n\nBohr 1912'de Kopenhag'a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 problemi birlikte getirmi\u015fti. Atomun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bohr i\u00e7in Balmer form\u00fcl\u00fc ni\u00e7in \u00f6nemliydi? Yan\u0131t basittir: Bohr, Planck sabiti h'yi kullanarak bu form\u00fclle enerji kuvantlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan spektrumu a\u00e7\u0131klayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.\n\nBa\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, form\u00fcl\u00fcn sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ipucuyla atomlar\u0131n normalde neden enerji salmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, elektronlar\u0131n neden h\u0131z kaybedip \u00e7ekirde\u011fe g\u00f6m\u00fclmedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanmaktayd\u0131. Bohr'un o zaman bilinen fizikle ba\u011fda\u015fmaz g\u00f6r\u00fcnen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u00f6rt nokta i\u00e7eriyordu:\n\n1. Elektron, olas\u0131 t\u00fcm y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerde de\u011fil, yaln\u0131z enerjisi Planck sabitiyle bir tam say\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131na orant\u0131l\u0131 olan y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerde devinir.\n2. Elektron, enerji de\u011fi\u015fimiyle kuvantum y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin birinden \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir; ancak \u00e7ekirde\u011fe en i\u00e7teki y\u00f6r\u00fcngeden daha fazla yakla\u015famaz.\n3. Bir kuvantum y\u00f6r\u00fcngede devinen elektron bir i\u00e7 y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye d\u00fc\u015fmedik\u00e7e radyasyon salmaz. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f belli bir miktarda \u0131\u015f\u0131k enerjisi \u00fcretmekle kal\u0131r. \u00dcretilen enerjinin frekans\u0131 iki y\u00f6r\u00fcnge aras\u0131ndaki enerji fark\u0131n\u0131n Planck sabitine b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine e\u015fittir:\nFrekans = Enerji Kayb\u0131 \/ Planck Sabiti\n4. Bir elektronun ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi enerjiler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu kesintili enerjiler atomun kesintili \u00e7izgi spektrumunda yans\u0131r.\n\nAtom yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131n\u0131, sal\u0131nan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n spektrumunda arayan bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, birtak\u0131m g\u00f6zlemlere a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmekle birlikte, do\u011frulu\u011fu ku\u015fkuluydu. Ayn\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler ba\u015fka hipotezlerle de a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirdi. Ayr\u0131ca, elektronlar\u0131n Bohr'un \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bi\u00e7imde davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren somut kan\u0131tlar da ortada yoktu hen\u00fcz. Kald\u0131 ki, kuvantum y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi olgusal dayanaktan yoksundu.\n\nBohr'un hipotezi \u00f6ncelikle hidrojen spektrumunu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya y\u00f6nelikti. Ger\u00e7i olgusal olarak hen\u00fcz yoklanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama hipotezin Balmer form\u00fcl\u00fcnde yer alan say\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 belirginle\u015ftirmesi, ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir avantaj sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Bohr'un de\u011fi\u015fik kuvantum y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin enerjilerini veren form\u00fcl\u00fc, \u00f6nerdi\u011fi atom kuram\u0131na istenen belirginli\u011fi kazand\u0131r\u0131r.\n\n-Bu metin GNU \u00d6zg\u00fcr Belgeleme Lisans\u0131 ile lisansland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cNiels Bohr\u201d adl\u0131 Vikipedi maddesinden al\u0131nt\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131r.-","_tr_post_name":"niels-bohr","_tr_post_excerpt":"","_tr_post_title":"Niels Bohr","edit_language":"tr"},"categories":[4],"tags":[1596,925],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/484"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=484"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/484\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=484"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=484"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borayildiz.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=484"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}